Sassafras is a perennial tree native to eastern North America, traditionally used by many Native American tribes for medicinal purposes. The bark and roots contain a distinctive smell and flavor due to the presence of an organic compound called safrole.
Historically, sassafras was used to treat various conditions like fevers, diarrhea, and rheumatism. However, modern research has raised significant safety concerns about consuming this plant.
Potential Dangers & Toxicity
While sassafras contains compounds with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, it also harbors carcinogenic substances like safrole that can increase cancer risk.
- Just 5 mL of sassafras oil can prove lethal for an adult due to its high toxicity.
- Chronic exposure can lead to liver damage, respiratory problems, and other adverse effects.
As a result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned the use of sassafras bark or its derivatives in foods and drugs since the 1960s.
Limited Medicinal Applications
Despite the risks, some herbalists still recommend limited, short-term use of sassafras root bark for certain conditions:
- As a diaphoretic to induce sweating and reduce fevers
- For treating joint pain, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis
- As a gentle stimulant and pain reliever
However, most health authorities caution against consuming any part of the sassafras plant due to its well-documented toxic effects. Safe, proven alternatives are widely available for managing symptoms.
The History of Sassafras as a Recreational Drug
Early Use and Discovery
Sassafras has a long history of use, dating back centuries to Native American tribes who utilized the plant for various medicinal and ceremonial purposes. The roots and bark were brewed into teas and tonics, believed to possess healing properties. However, it wasn’t until the 20th century that sassafras gained notoriety as a recreational drug.
Rise in Popularity
In the 1960s counterculture movement, sassafras root bark became a popular ingredient in homemade psychoactive brews. Its main compound, safrole, can be converted into the illicit drug MDMA (ecstasy) through a complex process. The term, Molly, Sally, and molly vs sally were coined in this period. This led to a surge in demand for the plant among underground chemists and drug enthusiasts.
Legal Crackdown
As the dangers of safrole and MDMA became more apparent, the U.S. government took action. In 1976, the FDA banned sassafras bark and root as food additives due to potential carcinogenic effects. Further regulations followed, making it illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess sassafras with the intent to produce controlled substances.
Modern Status
While the recreational use of sassafras has diminished significantly, it remains a controlled substance in many parts of the world. Strict regulations aim to curb its abuse and potential for illicit drug production. However, some argue for the reevaluation of sassafras’s legal status, citing its historical and cultural significance.
Synthetic Alternatives
With the crackdown on natural sources, underground chemists have turned to synthetic alternatives to produce MDMA and related compounds. These lab-created substances often carry greater risks due to unknown composition and lack of quality control. The cat-and-mouse game between law enforcement and clandestine manufacturers continues to evolve.
Is it Legal?
Sassafras is a plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and culinary applications. However, its legality is a complex issue that varies depending on the specific context and jurisdiction.
In the United States, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies sassafras as a controlled substance due to the presence of safrole, a compound that has been linked to potential cancer risks. Specifically, sassafras root bark and the extracted safrole are listed as Schedule IV controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act.
Restrictions and Regulations
The use, possession, and distribution of sassafras root bark and safrole are subject to various restrictions and regulations. It is generally illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess these substances without proper authorization from the DEA.
However, certain exceptions may apply. For example, some products containing trace amounts of safrole, such as root beer or other food products, may be legally sold and consumed. Additionally, sassafras leaves and stems, which contain lower levels of safrole, are not currently regulated by the DEA.
Forms of Sassafras
Traditional Uses
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America. Its distinctive leaves come in three forms – entire (unlobed), mitten-shaped (bilobed), and three-lobed. For centuries, various parts of the sassafras plant were used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes.
The bark and roots were made into teas to treat a variety of ailments like colds, fevers, rheumatism and skin problems. The leaves and twigs were also dried and powdered as a thickening agent in soups and stews. Some tribes even consumed the leaves as a vegetable.
Sassafras Oil Extraction
As European settlers arrived, they quickly adopted many traditional uses of sassafras. The roots were particularly prized for their fragrant essential oil, known as sassafras oil or safrole. This oil was used to flavor root beer, candy, and other foods and beverages.
Sassafras oil contains a compound called safrole which gives it the distinct aroma and flavor. However, safrole was later found to be a potential carcinogen in animal studies. As a result, the U.S. FDA banned the use of sassafras oils and safrole in commercially produced foods and drugs in the 1960s.
Modern Status
While no longer used commercially, sassafras still has some limited uses today. The dried leaves are approved as an additive for some foods like root beer. The roots and bark are sometimes used to make traditional root beer extract, as well as folk remedies and dietary supplements.
However, caution is advised when consuming sassafras products due to the potential cancer risks from safrole content. Many mainstream root beer brands now use artificial flavors instead of sassafras extract. The tree itself remains a beloved part of the eastern American landscape and ecosystem.
Overdose Signs
Recognizing the Symptoms
It’s crucial to be aware of the potential signs of a sassafras drug overdose. While the effects can vary depending on factors like dosage and individual tolerance, some common symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, and seizures. In severe cases, an overdose can lead to a dangerously high body temperature (hyperthermia), rapid heart rate, and even organ failure.
High Body Temperature
One of the most concerning signs of a sassafras overdose is a spike in body temperature, often referred to as hyperthermia or overheating. This condition can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly. Look for signs such as excessive sweating, flushed or reddened skin, and a rapid heartbeat.
Psychological Distress
Sassafras can also trigger psychological distress, including anxiety, panic attacks, and psychosis. Be alert for erratic behavior, paranoia, or a complete disconnect from reality. These symptoms may indicate a need for immediate medical attention.
Respiratory Issues
In some cases, an overdose can lead to respiratory problems, such as rapid breathing or difficulty breathing. If you notice shallow or labored breathing, it could be a sign of a severe overdose requiring emergency care.
Unconsciousness and Seizures
In extreme cases, a sassafras overdose can cause unconsciousness or seizures. If someone loses consciousness or experiences convulsions after taking the drug, it’s crucial to call emergency services immediately, as these symptoms can be life-threatening.
Remember, the best way to avoid an overdose is to avoid using sassafras or any illegal substances altogether. However, if you or someone you know experiences any of these symptoms, don’t hesitate to seek immediate medical assistance. Early intervention can be crucial in preventing potentially fatal consequences.
